Iga Zacharewicz and Carolina García López

Recent results from major cosmological surveys have renewed interest in the nature of dark energy and in persistent tensions among cosmological measurements. These discrepancies suggest that our standard description of the Universe may be incomplete—or that hidden systematics still cloud our view. This seminar explores emerging, model-independent and data-driven approaches to cosmology that seek to address these questions without relying on restrictive theoretical assumptions. By allowing the data themselves to determine the form of cosmic expansion and structure growth, these methods aim to provide a more flexible and robust picture of the late-time Universe and its dark sector.