Late or Missed Diagnosis of Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Black Communities and the Need for Effective Support and Intervention
Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are the two most common neurodevelopment conditions. Autism impacts how people interact with the world including social communication, repetitive and restrictive behaviour. ADHD affects people’s behaviour including impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity. Previous research has shown an increase in diagnosis of autism and ADHD (neurodivergence) in children but people from minoritised groups present late and there are missed opportunities for early diagnosis. Early diagnosis has benefits to the individual, family, communities, and society. The current thesis aims to address the gaps in the literature on neurodiversity in Black groups and understand the facilitators and barriers in the diagnosis, support, and intervention journeys. This thesis will also identify how these individuals and their families can be better supported by healthcare professionals during both diagnosis and intervention. Study 1 will be a systematic review to identify the gap in the literature on neurodiversity in Black groups. Study 2 will be qualitative interviews with neurodivergent Black adults to understand the barriers and facilitators in diagnosis, support, and intervention as well as their lived experiences of accessing diagnosis and potential intervention. Study 3 will involve qualitative interviews with health professionals to gain a different perspective in relation to diagnostic procedures and support and intervention. Study 4 will be a quantitative design using questionnaires to understand the potential impact of late or missed diagnosis. Lastly, the findings from these studies will be used to develop a framework which aims to understand diagnostic and post diagnostic needs of those from underserved communities.